refactored a lot of stuff into different files and generally fixed force application.

config/constants.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# config/constants.py
+"""Configuration constants for the simulation."""
+
+# Screen settings
+SCREEN_WIDTH = 1920 // 2
+SCREEN_HEIGHT = 1080 // 2
+
+# Colors
+BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
+DARK_GRAY = (64, 64, 64)
+GRAY = (128, 128, 128)
+WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
+RED = (255, 0, 0)
+BLUE = (0, 0, 255)
+GREEN = (0, 255, 0)
+LIGHT_BLUE = (52, 134, 235)
+SELECTION_BLUE = (0, 128, 255)
+SELECTION_GRAY = (128, 128, 128, 80)
+SELECTION_BORDER = (80, 80, 90)
+
+# Grid settings
+GRID_WIDTH = 30
+GRID_HEIGHT = 25
+CELL_SIZE = 20
+RENDER_BUFFER = 50
+
+# Performance settings
+DEFAULT_TPS = 20
+MAX_FPS = 180
+TURBO_MULTIPLIER = 4
+
+# Camera settings
+DEFAULT_CAMERA_SPEED = 700
+CAMERA_SPEED_INCREMENT = 350
+MIN_CAMERA_SPEED = 350
+MAX_CAMERA_SPEED = 2100
+
+# UI settings
+FONT_SIZE = 16
+LEGEND_FONT_SIZE = 14
+HUD_MARGIN = 10
+LINE_HEIGHT = 20
+SELECTION_THRESHOLD = 3  # pixels
+
+# Simulation settings
+FOOD_SPAWNING = True
+RANDOM_SEED = 0
+
+# Vector visualization settings
+ACCELERATION_SCALE = 1000
+VELOCITY_SCALE = 50
+ANGULAR_ACCELERATION_SCALE = 50
+ARROW_TIP_SIZE = 5
+ANGULAR_TIP_SIZE = 2.5
+DIRECTION_TIP_SIZE = 3
+
+KEYMAP_LEGEND = [
+    ("WASD", "Move camera"),
+    ("Mouse wheel", "Zoom in/out"),
+    ("Middle mouse", "Pan camera"),
+    ("R", "Reset camera"),
+    ("G", "Toggle grid"),
+    ("I", "Toggle interaction radius"),
+    ("ESC", "Deselect/Exit"),
+    ("Left click", "Select object(s)"),
+    ("Drag select", "Select multiple objects"),
+    ("Click on object", "Select closest object in range"),
+    ("Up/Down", "Increase/Decrease camera speed"),
+    ("Shift", "Double TPS (for testing)"),
+    ("L", "Toggle this legend"),
+    ("Space", "Pause/Resume simulation"),
+]

core/input_handler.py

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# core/input_handler.py
+"""Handles all input events and camera controls."""
+
+import pygame
+from config.constants import *
+
+
+class InputHandler:
+    def __init__(self, camera, world):
+        self.camera = camera
+        self.world = world
+
+        # Selection state
+        self.selecting = False
+        self.select_start = None
+        self.select_end = None
+        self.selected_objects = []
+
+        # UI state flags
+        self.show_grid = True
+        self.show_interaction_radius = False
+        self.show_legend = False
+        self.is_paused = False
+
+        # Speed control
+        self.tps = DEFAULT_TPS
+        self.default_tps = DEFAULT_TPS
+
+    def handle_events(self, events):
+        """Process all pygame events and return game state."""
+        running = True
+
+        for event in events:
+            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
+                running = False
+            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
+                running = self._handle_keydown(event, running)
+            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
+                self._handle_keyup(event)
+            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEWHEEL:
+                self.camera.handle_zoom(event.y)
+            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
+                self._handle_mouse_down(event)
+            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP:
+                self._handle_mouse_up(event)
+            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEMOTION:
+                self._handle_mouse_motion(event)
+
+        return running
+
+    def _handle_keydown(self, event, running):
+        """Handle keydown events."""
+        if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
+            if len(self.selected_objects) == 0:
+                running = False
+            else:
+                self.selecting = False
+                self.selected_objects = []
+        elif event.key == pygame.K_g:
+            self.show_grid = not self.show_grid
+        elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:
+            if self.camera.speed < MAX_CAMERA_SPEED:
+                self.camera.speed += CAMERA_SPEED_INCREMENT
+        elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
+            if self.camera.speed > MIN_CAMERA_SPEED:
+                self.camera.speed -= CAMERA_SPEED_INCREMENT
+        elif event.key == pygame.K_i:
+            self.show_interaction_radius = not self.show_interaction_radius
+        elif event.key == pygame.K_l:
+            self.show_legend = not self.show_legend
+        elif event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
+            self.is_paused = not self.is_paused
+        elif event.key == pygame.K_LSHIFT:
+            self.tps = self.default_tps * TURBO_MULTIPLIER
+        elif event.key == pygame.K_r:
+            self.camera.reset_position()
+
+        return running
+
+    def _handle_keyup(self, event):
+        """Handle keyup events."""
+        if event.key == pygame.K_LSHIFT:
+            self.tps = self.default_tps
+
+    def _handle_mouse_down(self, event):
+        """Handle mouse button down events."""
+        if event.button == 2:  # Middle mouse button
+            self.camera.start_panning(event.pos)
+        elif event.button == 1:  # Left mouse button
+            self.selecting = True
+            self.select_start = event.pos
+            self.select_end = event.pos
+
+    def _handle_mouse_up(self, event):
+        """Handle mouse button up events."""
+        if event.button == 2:
+            self.camera.stop_panning()
+        elif event.button == 1 and self.selecting:
+            self._handle_selection()
+
+    def _handle_mouse_motion(self, event):
+        """Handle mouse motion events."""
+        self.camera.pan(event.pos)
+        if self.selecting:
+            self.select_end = event.pos
+
+    def _handle_selection(self):
+        """Process object selection logic."""
+        self.selecting = False
+
+        # Convert screen to world coordinates
+        x1, y1 = self.camera.get_real_coordinates(*self.select_start)
+        x2, y2 = self.camera.get_real_coordinates(*self.select_end)
+
+        # Check if selection is a click or drag
+        if (abs(self.select_start[0] - self.select_end[0]) < SELECTION_THRESHOLD and
+                abs(self.select_start[1] - self.select_end[1]) < SELECTION_THRESHOLD):
+            self._handle_click_selection()
+        else:
+            self._handle_drag_selection(x1, y1, x2, y2)
+
+    def _handle_click_selection(self):
+        """Handle single click selection."""
+        mouse_world_x, mouse_world_y = self.camera.get_real_coordinates(*self.select_start)
+        obj = self.world.query_closest_object(mouse_world_x, mouse_world_y)
+        self.selected_objects = []
+
+        if obj:
+            obj_x, obj_y = obj.position.get_position()
+            dx = obj_x - mouse_world_x
+            dy = obj_y - mouse_world_y
+            dist = (dx ** 2 + dy ** 2) ** 0.5
+            if dist <= obj.max_visual_width / 2:
+                self.selected_objects = [obj]
+
+        print(f"Clicked: selected {len(self.selected_objects)} object(s)")
+
+    def _handle_drag_selection(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
+        """Handle drag selection."""
+        min_x, max_x = min(x1, x2), max(x1, x2)
+        min_y, max_y = min(y1, y2), max(y1, y2)
+        self.selected_objects = self.world.query_objects_in_range(min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y)
+        print(f"Selected {len(self.selected_objects)} objects in range: {min_x}, {min_y} to {max_x}, {max_y}")
+
+    def update_camera(self, keys, deltatime):
+        """Update camera based on currently pressed keys."""
+        self.camera.update(keys, deltatime)
+
+    def update_selected_objects(self):
+        """Ensure selected objects are still valid."""
+        self.selected_objects = [
+            obj for obj in self.selected_objects if obj in self.world.get_objects()
+        ]
+
+    def get_selection_rect(self):
+        """Get current selection rectangle for rendering."""
+        if self.selecting and self.select_start and self.select_end:
+            left = min(self.select_start[0], self.select_end[0])
+            top = min(self.select_start[1], self.select_end[1])
+            width = abs(self.select_end[0] - self.select_start[0])
+            height = abs(self.select_end[1] - self.select_start[1])
+            return (left, top, width, height)
+        return None

core/renderer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# core/renderer.py
+"""Handles all rendering operations."""
+
+import pygame
+import math
+from config.constants import *
+
+
+class Renderer:
+    def __init__(self, screen):
+        self.screen = screen
+
+    def clear_screen(self):
+        """Clear the screen with a black background."""
+        self.screen.fill(BLACK)
+
+    def draw_grid(self, camera, showing_grid=True):
+        """Draw the reference grid."""
+        if not showing_grid:
+            return
+
+        # Calculate effective cell size with zoom
+        effective_cell_size = CELL_SIZE * camera.zoom
+
+        # Calculate grid boundaries in world coordinates (centered at 0,0)
+        grid_world_width = GRID_WIDTH * effective_cell_size
+        grid_world_height = GRID_HEIGHT * effective_cell_size
+
+        # Calculate grid position relative to camera (with grid centered at 0,0)
+        grid_center_x = SCREEN_WIDTH // 2 - camera.x * camera.zoom
+        grid_center_y = SCREEN_HEIGHT // 2 - camera.y * camera.zoom
+
+        grid_left = grid_center_x - grid_world_width // 2
+        grid_top = grid_center_y - grid_world_height // 2
+        grid_right = grid_left + grid_world_width
+        grid_bottom = grid_top + grid_world_height
+
+        # Check if grid is visible on screen
+        if (grid_right < 0 or grid_left > SCREEN_WIDTH or
+                grid_bottom < 0 or grid_top > SCREEN_HEIGHT):
+            return
+
+        # Fill the grid area with dark gray background
+        grid_rect = pygame.Rect(
+            max(0, grid_left),
+            max(0, grid_top),
+            min(SCREEN_WIDTH, grid_right) - max(0, grid_left),
+            min(SCREEN_HEIGHT, grid_bottom) - max(0, grid_top),
+        )
+
+        if grid_rect.width > 0 and grid_rect.height > 0:
+            pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, DARK_GRAY, grid_rect)
+
+        # Draw grid lines only if zoom is high enough
+        if effective_cell_size > 4:
+            self._draw_grid_lines(grid_left, grid_top, grid_right, grid_bottom, effective_cell_size)
+
+    def _draw_grid_lines(self, grid_left, grid_top, grid_right, grid_bottom, effective_cell_size):
+        """Draw the grid lines."""
+        vertical_lines = []
+        horizontal_lines = []
+
+        for i in range(max(GRID_WIDTH, GRID_HEIGHT) + 1):
+            # Vertical lines
+            if i <= GRID_WIDTH:
+                line_x = grid_left + i * effective_cell_size
+                if 0 <= line_x <= SCREEN_WIDTH:
+                    start_y = max(0, grid_top)
+                    end_y = min(SCREEN_HEIGHT, grid_bottom)
+                    if start_y < end_y:
+                        vertical_lines.append(((line_x, start_y), (line_x, end_y)))
+
+            # Horizontal lines
+            if i <= GRID_HEIGHT:
+                line_y = grid_top + i * effective_cell_size
+                if 0 <= line_y <= SCREEN_HEIGHT:
+                    start_x = max(0, grid_left)
+                    end_x = min(SCREEN_WIDTH, grid_right)
+                    if start_x < end_x:
+                        horizontal_lines.append(((start_x, line_y), (end_x, line_y)))
+
+        # Draw all lines
+        for start, end in vertical_lines:
+            pygame.draw.line(self.screen, GRAY, start, end)
+        for start, end in horizontal_lines:
+            pygame.draw.line(self.screen, GRAY, start, end)
+
+    def render_world(self, world, camera):
+        """Render all world objects."""
+        world.render_all(camera, self.screen)
+
+    def render_interaction_radius(self, world, camera, selected_objects, show_radius=False):
+        """Render interaction radius and debug vectors for objects."""
+        if not show_radius:
+            return
+
+        for obj in world.get_objects():
+            obj_x, obj_y = obj.position.get_position()
+            radius = obj.interaction_radius
+
+            if radius > 0 and camera.is_in_view(obj_x, obj_y, margin=radius):
+                if selected_objects and obj not in selected_objects:
+                    continue
+
+                screen_x, screen_y = camera.world_to_screen(obj_x, obj_y)
+                screen_radius = int(radius * camera.zoom)
+
+                if screen_radius > 0:
+                    # Draw interaction radius circle
+                    pygame.draw.circle(self.screen, RED, (screen_x, screen_y), screen_radius, 1)
+
+                    # Draw direction arrow
+                    self._draw_direction_arrow(obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera)
+
+                    # Draw debug vectors
+                    self._draw_debug_vectors(obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera)
+
+    def _draw_direction_arrow(self, obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera):
+        """Draw direction arrow for an object."""
+        rotation_angle = obj.rotation.get_rotation()
+        arrow_length = obj.max_visual_width / 2 * camera.zoom
+
+        end_x = screen_x + arrow_length * math.cos(math.radians(rotation_angle))
+        end_y = screen_y + arrow_length * math.sin(math.radians(rotation_angle))
+
+        # Draw arrow line
+        pygame.draw.line(self.screen, WHITE, (screen_x, screen_y), (end_x, end_y), 2)
+
+        # Draw arrowhead
+        tip_size = DIRECTION_TIP_SIZE * camera.zoom
+        left_tip_x = end_x - tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(rotation_angle + 150 + 180))
+        left_tip_y = end_y - tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(rotation_angle + 150 + 180))
+        right_tip_x = end_x - tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(rotation_angle - 150 + 180))
+        right_tip_y = end_y - tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(rotation_angle - 150 + 180))
+
+        pygame.draw.polygon(
+            self.screen, WHITE,
+            [(end_x, end_y), (left_tip_x, left_tip_y), (right_tip_x, right_tip_y)]
+        )
+
+    def _draw_debug_vectors(self, obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera):
+        """Draw debug vectors (acceleration, velocity, angular acceleration)."""
+        # Draw angular acceleration
+        if hasattr(obj, 'angular_acceleration'):
+            self._draw_angular_acceleration(obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera)
+
+        # Draw acceleration vector
+        if hasattr(obj, 'acceleration') and isinstance(obj.acceleration, tuple) and len(obj.acceleration) == 2:
+            self._draw_acceleration_vector(obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera)
+
+        # Draw velocity vector
+        if hasattr(obj, 'velocity') and isinstance(obj.velocity, tuple) and len(obj.velocity) == 2:
+            self._draw_velocity_vector(obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera)
+
+    def _draw_angular_acceleration(self, obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera):
+        """Draw angular acceleration vector."""
+        rotation_angle = obj.rotation.get_rotation()
+        arrow_length = obj.max_visual_width / 2 * camera.zoom
+        end_x = screen_x + arrow_length * math.cos(math.radians(rotation_angle))
+        end_y = screen_y + arrow_length * math.sin(math.radians(rotation_angle))
+
+        angular_acceleration = obj.angular_acceleration
+        angular_accel_magnitude = abs(angular_acceleration) * ANGULAR_ACCELERATION_SCALE * camera.zoom
+        angular_direction = rotation_angle + 90 if angular_acceleration >= 0 else rotation_angle - 90
+
+        angular_acc_end_x = end_x + angular_accel_magnitude * math.cos(math.radians(angular_direction))
+        angular_acc_end_y = end_y + angular_accel_magnitude * math.sin(math.radians(angular_direction))
+
+        pygame.draw.line(self.screen, LIGHT_BLUE, (end_x, end_y), (angular_acc_end_x, angular_acc_end_y), 2)
+
+        # Draw arrowhead
+        self._draw_arrowhead(angular_acc_end_x, angular_acc_end_y, angular_direction,
+                             ANGULAR_TIP_SIZE * camera.zoom, LIGHT_BLUE)
+
+    def _draw_acceleration_vector(self, obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera):
+        """Draw acceleration vector."""
+        acc_x, acc_y = obj.acceleration
+        acc_magnitude = math.sqrt(acc_x ** 2 + acc_y ** 2)
+
+        if acc_magnitude > 0:
+            acc_direction = math.degrees(math.atan2(acc_y, acc_x))
+            acc_vector_length = acc_magnitude * ACCELERATION_SCALE * camera.zoom
+            acc_end_x = screen_x + acc_vector_length * math.cos(math.radians(acc_direction))
+            acc_end_y = screen_y + acc_vector_length * math.sin(math.radians(acc_direction))
+
+            pygame.draw.line(self.screen, RED, (screen_x, screen_y), (acc_end_x, acc_end_y), 2)
+            self._draw_arrowhead(acc_end_x, acc_end_y, acc_direction,
+                                 ARROW_TIP_SIZE * camera.zoom, RED)
+
+    def _draw_velocity_vector(self, obj, screen_x, screen_y, camera):
+        """Draw velocity vector."""
+        vel_x, vel_y = obj.velocity
+        vel_magnitude = math.sqrt(vel_x ** 2 + vel_y ** 2)
+
+        if vel_magnitude > 0:
+            vel_direction = math.degrees(math.atan2(vel_y, vel_x))
+            vel_vector_length = vel_magnitude * VELOCITY_SCALE * camera.zoom
+            vel_end_x = screen_x + vel_vector_length * math.cos(math.radians(vel_direction))
+            vel_end_y = screen_y + vel_vector_length * math.sin(math.radians(vel_direction))
+
+            pygame.draw.line(self.screen, BLUE, (screen_x, screen_y), (vel_end_x, vel_end_y), 2)
+            self._draw_arrowhead(vel_end_x, vel_end_y, vel_direction,
+                                 ARROW_TIP_SIZE * camera.zoom, BLUE)
+
+    def _draw_arrowhead(self, end_x, end_y, direction, tip_size, color):
+        """Draw an arrowhead at the specified position."""
+        left_tip_x = end_x - tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(direction + 150 + 180))
+        left_tip_y = end_y - tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(direction + 150 + 180))
+        right_tip_x = end_x - tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(direction - 150 + 180))
+        right_tip_y = end_y - tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(direction - 150 + 180))
+
+        pygame.draw.polygon(
+            self.screen, color,
+            [(end_x, end_y), (left_tip_x, left_tip_y), (right_tip_x, right_tip_y)]
+        )
+
+    def render_selection_rectangle(self, selection_rect):
+        """Render the selection rectangle."""
+        if not selection_rect:
+            return
+
+        left, top, width, height = selection_rect
+
+        # Draw semi-transparent fill
+        s = pygame.Surface((width, height), pygame.SRCALPHA)
+        s.fill(SELECTION_GRAY)
+        self.screen.blit(s, (left, top))
+
+        # Draw border
+        pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, SELECTION_BORDER,
+                         pygame.Rect(left, top, width, height), 1)
+
+    def render_selected_objects_outline(self, selected_objects, camera):
+        """Render blue outline for selected objects."""
+        for obj in selected_objects:
+            obj_x, obj_y = obj.position.get_position()
+            width = obj.max_visual_width if hasattr(obj, "max_visual_width") else 10
+            screen_x, screen_y = camera.world_to_screen(obj_x, obj_y)
+            size = camera.get_relative_size(width)
+            rect = pygame.Rect(screen_x - size // 2, screen_y - size // 2, size, size)
+            pygame.draw.rect(self.screen, SELECTION_BLUE, rect, 1)

main.py

@@ -6,116 +6,26 @@ import sys
 import random
 
 from world.world import World, Position, Rotation
-from world.objects import DebugRenderObject, FoodObject, TestVelocityObject, DefaultCell
+from world.objects import FoodObject, TestVelocityObject, DefaultCell
 from world.simulation_interface import Camera
 
+from config.constants import *
+
+from core.input_handler import InputHandler
+from core.renderer import Renderer
+
+from ui.hud import HUD
+
 # Initialize Pygame
 pygame.init()
 
-# Constants
-SCREEN_WIDTH = 1920 / 2
-SCREEN_HEIGHT = 1080 / 2
-BLACK = (0, 0, 0)
-DARK_GRAY = (64, 64, 64)
-GRAY = (128, 128, 128)
-WHITE = (255, 255, 255)
-RENDER_BUFFER = 50
-SPEED = 700 # Pixels per second
-
-# Grid settings
-GRID_WIDTH = 30  # Number of cells horizontally
-GRID_HEIGHT = 25  # Number of cells vertically
-CELL_SIZE = 20  # Size of each cell in pixels
-
-DEFAULT_TPS = 20  # Number of ticks per second for the simulation
-FOOD_SPAWNING = True
-
-
-def draw_grid(screen, camera, showing_grid=True):
-    # Fill the screen with black
-    screen.fill(BLACK)
-
-    # Calculate effective cell size with zoom
-    effective_cell_size = CELL_SIZE * camera.zoom
-
-    # Calculate grid boundaries in world coordinates (centered at 0,0)
-    grid_world_width = GRID_WIDTH * effective_cell_size
-    grid_world_height = GRID_HEIGHT * effective_cell_size
-
-    # Calculate grid position relative to camera (with grid centered at 0,0)
-    grid_center_x = SCREEN_WIDTH // 2 - camera.x * camera.zoom
-    grid_center_y = SCREEN_HEIGHT // 2 - camera.y * camera.zoom
-
-    grid_left = grid_center_x - grid_world_width // 2
-    grid_top = grid_center_y - grid_world_height // 2
-    grid_right = grid_left + grid_world_width
-    grid_bottom = grid_top + grid_world_height
-
-    # Check if grid should be shown
-    if not showing_grid:
-        return  # Exit early if grid is not visible
-
-    # Check if grid is visible on screen
-    if (
-            grid_right < 0
-            or grid_left > SCREEN_WIDTH
-            or grid_bottom < 0
-            or grid_top > SCREEN_HEIGHT
-    ):
-        return  # Grid is completely off-screen
-
-    # Fill the grid area awith dark gray background
-    grid_rect = pygame.Rect(
-        max(0, grid_left),
-        max(0, grid_top),
-        min(SCREEN_WIDTH, grid_right) - max(0, grid_left),
-        min(SCREEN_HEIGHT, grid_bottom) - max(0, grid_top),
-    )
-
-    # Only draw if the rectangle has positive dimensions
-    if grid_rect.width > 0 and grid_rect.height > 0:
-        pygame.draw.rect(screen, DARK_GRAY, grid_rect)
-
-    # Draw vertical grid lines (only if zoom is high enough to see them clearly)
-    if effective_cell_size > 4:
-        # Precompute grid boundaries
-        vertical_lines = []
-        horizontal_lines = []
-
-        for i in range(max(GRID_WIDTH, GRID_HEIGHT) + 1):
-            # Vertical lines
-            if i <= GRID_WIDTH:
-                line_x = grid_left + i * effective_cell_size
-                if 0 <= line_x <= SCREEN_WIDTH:
-                    start_y = max(0, grid_top)
-                    end_y = min(SCREEN_HEIGHT, grid_bottom)
-                    if start_y < end_y:
-                        vertical_lines.append(((line_x, start_y), (line_x, end_y)))
-
-            # Horizontal lines
-            if i <= GRID_HEIGHT:
-                line_y = grid_top + i * effective_cell_size
-                if 0 <= line_y <= SCREEN_HEIGHT:
-                    start_x = max(0, grid_left)
-                    end_x = min(SCREEN_WIDTH, grid_right)
-                    if start_x < end_x:
-                        horizontal_lines.append(((start_x, line_y), (end_x, line_y)))
-
-        # Draw all vertical lines in one batch
-        for start, end in vertical_lines:
-            pygame.draw.line(screen, GRAY, start, end)
-
-        # Draw all horizontal lines in one batch
-        for start, end in horizontal_lines:
-            pygame.draw.line(screen, GRAY, start, end)
 
 def setup(world: World):
     if FOOD_SPAWNING:
         world.add_object(FoodObject(Position(x=random.randint(-100, 100), y=random.randint(-100, 100))))
 
-    world.add_object(TestVelocityObject(Position(x=random.randint(-100, 100), y=random.randint(-100, 100))))
+    for i in range(100):
-
+        world.add_object(DefaultCell(Position(x=random.randint(-100, 100),y=random.randint(-100, 100)), Rotation(angle=0)))
-    world.add_object(DefaultCell(Position(x=0,y=0), Rotation(angle=0)))
 
     return world
 
@@ -126,34 +36,12 @@ def main():
     clock = pygame.time.Clock()
     camera = Camera(SCREEN_WIDTH, SCREEN_HEIGHT, RENDER_BUFFER)
 
-    is_showing_grid = True  # Flag to control grid visibility
-    show_interaction_radius = False  # Flag to control interaction radius visibility
-    showing_legend = False  # Flag to control legend visibility
-    is_paused = False  # Flag to control simulation pause state
-
-    font = pygame.font.Font("freesansbold.ttf", 16)
-
-    tps = DEFAULT_TPS  # Default ticks per second
-
     last_tick_time = time.perf_counter()  # Tracks the last tick time
     last_tps_time = time.perf_counter()  # Tracks the last TPS calculation time
     tick_counter = 0  # Counts ticks executed
     actual_tps = 0  # Stores the calculated TPS
     total_ticks = 0  # Total ticks executed
 
-    # Selection state
-    selecting = False
-    select_start = None  # (screen_x, screen_y)
-    select_end = None  # (screen_x, screen_y)
-    selected_objects = []
-
-    print("Controls:")
-    print("WASD - Move camera")
-    print("Mouse wheel - Zoom in/out")
-    print("Middle mouse button - Pan camera")
-    print("R - Reset camera to origin")
-    print("ESC or close window - Exit")
-
     # Initialize world
     world = World(CELL_SIZE, (CELL_SIZE * GRID_WIDTH, CELL_SIZE * GRID_HEIGHT))
 
@@ -162,93 +50,19 @@ def main():
 
     world = setup(world)
 
+    input_handler = InputHandler(camera, world)
+    renderer = Renderer(screen)
+    hud = HUD()
+
     running = True
     while running:
         deltatime = clock.get_time() / 1000.0  # Convert milliseconds to seconds
-        tick_interval = 1.0 / tps  # Time per tick
+        tick_interval = 1.0 / input_handler.tps # Time per tick
 
         # Handle events
-        for event in pygame.event.get():
+        running = input_handler.handle_events(pygame.event.get())
-            if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
-                running = False
-            elif event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
-                if event.key == pygame.K_ESCAPE:
-                    if len(selected_objects) == 0:
-                        running = False
-                    selecting = False
-                    selected_objects = []
-                if event.key == pygame.K_g:
-                    is_showing_grid = not is_showing_grid
-                if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
-                    if camera.speed < 2100:
-                        camera.speed += 350
-                if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
-                    if camera.speed > 350:
-                        camera.speed -= 350
-                if event.key == pygame.K_i:
-                    show_interaction_radius = not show_interaction_radius
-                if event.key == pygame.K_l:
-                    showing_legend = not showing_legend
-                if event.key == pygame.K_SPACE:
-                    is_paused = not is_paused
-                if event.key == pygame.K_LSHIFT:
-                    tps = DEFAULT_TPS * 4
-            elif event.type == pygame.KEYUP:
-                if event.key == pygame.K_LSHIFT:
-                    tps = DEFAULT_TPS
-            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEWHEEL:
-                camera.handle_zoom(event.y)
-            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
-                if event.button == 2:  # Middle mouse button
-                    camera.start_panning(event.pos)
-                elif event.button == 1:  # Left mouse button
-                    selecting = True
-                    select_start = event.pos
-                    select_end = event.pos
-            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEBUTTONUP:
-                if event.button == 2:
-                    camera.stop_panning()
-                elif event.button == 1 and selecting:
-                    selecting = False
-                    # Convert screen to world coordinates
-                    x1, y1 = camera.get_real_coordinates(*select_start)
-                    x2, y2 = camera.get_real_coordinates(*select_end)
-                    # If the selection rectangle is very small, treat as a click
-                    if (
-                            abs(select_start[0] - select_end[0]) < 3
-                            and abs(select_start[1] - select_end[1]) < 3
-                    ):
-                        # Single click: select closest object if in range
-                        mouse_world_x, mouse_world_y = camera.get_real_coordinates(
-                            *select_start
-                        )
-                        obj = world.query_closest_object(mouse_world_x, mouse_world_y)
-                        selected_objects = []
-                        if obj:
-                            obj_x, obj_y = obj.position.get_position()
-                            # Calculate distance in world coordinates
-                            dx = obj_x - mouse_world_x
-                            dy = obj_y - mouse_world_y
-                            dist = (dx ** 2 + dy ** 2) ** 0.5
-                            if dist <= obj.max_visual_width / 2:
-                                selected_objects = [obj]
-                        print(f"Clicked: selected {len(selected_objects)} object(s)")
-                    else:
-                        # Drag select: select all in rectangle
-                        min_x, max_x = min(x1, x2), max(x1, x2)
-                        min_y, max_y = min(y1, y2), max(y1, y2)
-                        selected_objects = world.query_objects_in_range(
-                            min_x, min_y, max_x, max_y
-                        )
-                        print(
-                            f"Selected {len(selected_objects)} objects in range: {min_x}, {min_y} to {max_x}, {max_y}"
-                        )
-            elif event.type == pygame.MOUSEMOTION:
-                camera.pan(event.pos)
-                if selecting:
-                    select_end = event.pos
 
-        if not is_paused:
+        if not input_handler.is_paused:
             # Tick logic (runs every tick interval)
             current_time = time.perf_counter()
             while current_time - last_tick_time >= tick_interval:
@@ -256,15 +70,8 @@ def main():
                 tick_counter += 1
                 total_ticks += 1
 
-                # gets every object in the world and returns amount of FoodObjects
-                objects = world.get_objects()
-                food = len([obj for obj in objects if isinstance(obj, FoodObject)])
-
-
                 # ensure selected objects are still valid or have not changed position, if so, reselect them
-                selected_objects = [
+                input_handler.update_selected_objects()
-                    obj for obj in selected_objects if obj in world.get_objects()
-                ]
 
                 world.tick_all()
 
@@ -279,315 +86,28 @@ def main():
 
         # Get pressed keys for smooth movement
         keys = pygame.key.get_pressed()
-        camera.update(keys, deltatime)
+        input_handler.update_camera(keys, deltatime)
 
-        # Draw the reference grid
+        renderer.clear_screen()
-        draw_grid(screen, camera, is_showing_grid)
+        renderer.draw_grid(camera, input_handler.show_grid)
+        renderer.render_world(world, camera)
 
-        # Render everything in the world
+        renderer.render_interaction_radius(world, camera, input_handler.selected_objects, input_handler.show_interaction_radius)
-        world.render_all(camera, screen)
 
-        if show_interaction_radius:
+        renderer.render_selection_rectangle(input_handler.get_selection_rect())
-            for obj in world.get_objects():
+        renderer.render_selected_objects_outline(input_handler.selected_objects, camera)
-                obj_x, obj_y = obj.position.get_position()
-                radius = obj.interaction_radius
-                if radius > 0 and camera.is_in_view(obj_x, obj_y, margin=radius):
-                    if selected_objects and obj not in selected_objects:
-                        continue # Skip if not selected and selecting
-                    screen_x, screen_y = camera.world_to_screen(obj_x, obj_y)
-                    screen_radius = int(radius * camera.zoom)
-                    if screen_radius > 0:
-                        pygame.draw.circle(
-                            screen,
-                            (255, 0, 0),  # Red
-                            (screen_x, screen_y),
-                            screen_radius,
-                            1  # 1 pixel thick
-                        )
 
-                        # Draw direction arrow
+        hud.render_mouse_position(screen, camera)
-                        rotation_angle = obj.rotation.get_rotation()
+        hud.render_fps(screen, clock)
-                        arrow_length = obj.max_visual_width/2 * camera.zoom  # Scale arrow length with zoom
+        hud.render_tps(screen, actual_tps)
-                        arrow_color = (255, 255, 255)  # Green
+        hud.render_tick_count(screen, total_ticks)
-
+        hud.render_selected_objects_info(screen, input_handler.selected_objects)
-                        # Calculate the arrow's end-point based on rotation angle
+        hud.render_legend(screen, input_handler.show_legend)
-                        end_x = screen_x + arrow_length * math.cos(math.radians(rotation_angle))
+        hud.render_pause_indicator(screen, input_handler.is_paused)
-                        end_y = screen_y + arrow_length * math.sin(math.radians(rotation_angle))
-
-                        # Draw the arrow line
-                        pygame.draw.line(screen, arrow_color, (screen_x, screen_y), (end_x, end_y), 2)
-
-                        # Draw a rotated triangle for the arrowhead
-                        tip_size = 3 * camera.zoom  # Scale triangle tip size with zoom
-                        left_tip_x = end_x - tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(rotation_angle + 150 + 180))
-                        left_tip_y = end_y - tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(rotation_angle + 150 + 180))
-                        right_tip_x = end_x - tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(rotation_angle - 150 + 180))
-                        right_tip_y = end_y - tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(rotation_angle - 150 + 180))
-
-                        # Draw arrowhead (triangle) for direction
-                        pygame.draw.polygon(
-                            screen,
-                            arrow_color,
-                            [(end_x, end_y), (left_tip_x, left_tip_y), (right_tip_x, right_tip_y)]
-                        )
-
-                        # Draw angular acceleration arrow (if present)
-                        if hasattr(obj, 'angular_acceleration'):
-                            angular_acceleration = obj.angular_acceleration
-
-                            # Scale the angular acceleration value for visibility
-                            angular_accel_magnitude = abs(
-                                angular_acceleration) * 50 * camera.zoom  # Use absolute magnitude for scaling
-
-                            # Determine the perpendicular direction based on the sign of angular_acceleration
-                            angular_direction = rotation_angle + 90 if angular_acceleration >= 0 else rotation_angle - 90
-
-                            # Calculate the end of the angular acceleration vector
-                            angular_acc_end_x = end_x + angular_accel_magnitude * math.cos(
-                                math.radians(angular_direction))
-                            angular_acc_end_y = end_y + angular_accel_magnitude * math.sin(
-                                math.radians(angular_direction))
-
-                            # Draw the angular acceleration vector as a red line
-                            pygame.draw.line(screen, (52, 134, 235), (end_x, end_y),
-                                             (angular_acc_end_x, angular_acc_end_y), 2)
-
-                            # Add an arrowhead to the angular acceleration vector
-                            angular_tip_size = 2.5 * camera.zoom
-                            left_angular_tip_x = angular_acc_end_x - angular_tip_size * math.cos(
-                                math.radians(angular_direction + 150 + 180))
-                            left_angular_tip_y = angular_acc_end_y - angular_tip_size * math.sin(
-                                math.radians(angular_direction + 150 + 180))
-                            right_angular_tip_x = angular_acc_end_x - angular_tip_size * math.cos(
-                                math.radians(angular_direction - 150 + 180))
-                            right_angular_tip_y = angular_acc_end_y - angular_tip_size * math.sin(
-                                math.radians(angular_direction - 150 + 180))
-
-                            # Draw arrowhead (triangle) for angular acceleration
-                            pygame.draw.polygon(
-                                screen,
-                                (52, 134, 235),  # Red arrowhead
-                                [(angular_acc_end_x, angular_acc_end_y), (left_angular_tip_x, left_angular_tip_y),
-                                 (right_angular_tip_x, right_angular_tip_y)]
-                            )
-
-                        # If object has an acceleration attribute, draw a red vector with arrowhead
-                        if hasattr(obj, 'acceleration') and isinstance(obj.acceleration, tuple) and len(
-                                obj.acceleration) == 2:
-                            acc_x, acc_y = obj.acceleration
-
-                            # Calculate acceleration magnitude and direction
-                            acc_magnitude = math.sqrt(acc_x ** 2 + acc_y ** 2)
-                            if acc_magnitude > 0:
-                                acc_direction = math.degrees(math.atan2(acc_y, acc_x))  # Get the angle in degrees
-
-                                # Calculate scaled acceleration vector's end point
-                                acc_vector_length = acc_magnitude * 1000 * camera.zoom  # Scale length with zoom
-                                acc_end_x = screen_x + acc_vector_length * math.cos(math.radians(acc_direction))
-                                acc_end_y = screen_y + acc_vector_length * math.sin(math.radians(acc_direction))
-
-                                # Draw the acceleration vector as a red line
-                                pygame.draw.line(screen, (255, 0, 0), (screen_x, screen_y), (acc_end_x, acc_end_y), 2)
-
-                                # Add arrowhead to acceleration vector
-                                acc_tip_size = 5 * camera.zoom
-                                left_tip_x = acc_end_x - acc_tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(acc_direction + 150 + 180))
-                                left_tip_y = acc_end_y - acc_tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(acc_direction + 150 + 180))
-                                right_tip_x = acc_end_x - acc_tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(acc_direction - 150 + 180))
-                                right_tip_y = acc_end_y - acc_tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(acc_direction - 150 + 180))
-
-                                pygame.draw.polygon(
-                                    screen,
-                                    (255, 0, 0),  # Red arrowhead
-                                    [(acc_end_x, acc_end_y), (left_tip_x, left_tip_y), (right_tip_x, right_tip_y)]
-                                )
-
-                        # If object has a velocity attribute, draw a blue vector with arrowhead
-                        if hasattr(obj, 'velocity') and isinstance(obj.velocity, tuple) and len(obj.velocity) == 2:
-                            vel_x, vel_y = obj.velocity
-
-                            # Calculate velocity magnitude and direction
-                            vel_magnitude = math.sqrt(vel_x ** 2 + vel_y ** 2)
-                            if vel_magnitude > 0:
-                                vel_direction = math.degrees(math.atan2(vel_y, vel_x))  # Get the angle in degrees
-
-                                # Calculate scaled velocity vector's end point
-                                vel_vector_length = vel_magnitude * 50 * camera.zoom  # Scale length with zoom
-                                vel_end_x = screen_x + vel_vector_length * math.cos(math.radians(vel_direction))
-                                vel_end_y = screen_y + vel_vector_length * math.sin(math.radians(vel_direction))
-
-                                # Draw the velocity vector as a blue line
-                                pygame.draw.line(screen, (0, 0, 255), (screen_x, screen_y), (vel_end_x, vel_end_y), 2)
-
-                                # Add arrowhead to velocity vector
-                                vel_tip_size = 5 * camera.zoom
-                                left_tip_x = vel_end_x - vel_tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(vel_direction + 150 + 180))
-                                left_tip_y = vel_end_y - vel_tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(vel_direction + 150 + 180))
-                                right_tip_x = vel_end_x - vel_tip_size * math.cos(math.radians(vel_direction - 150 + 180))
-                                right_tip_y = vel_end_y - vel_tip_size * math.sin(math.radians(vel_direction - 150 + 180))
-
-                                pygame.draw.polygon(
-                                    screen,
-                                    (0, 0, 255),  # Blue arrowhead
-                                    [(vel_end_x, vel_end_y), (left_tip_x, left_tip_y), (right_tip_x, right_tip_y)]
-                                )
-
-        # Draw selection rectangle if selecting
-        if selecting and select_start and select_end:
-            rect_color = (128, 128, 128, 80)  # Gray, semi-transparent
-            border_color = (80, 80, 90)  # Slightly darker gray for border
-
-            left = min(select_start[0], select_end[0])
-            top = min(select_start[1], select_end[1])
-            width = abs(select_end[0] - select_start[0])
-            height = abs(select_end[1] - select_start[1])
-
-            s = pygame.Surface((width, height), pygame.SRCALPHA)
-            s.fill(rect_color)
-            screen.blit(s, (left, top))
-
-            # Draw 1-pixel border
-            pygame.draw.rect(
-                screen, border_color, pygame.Rect(left, top, width, height), 1
-            )
-
-        # Draw blue outline for selected objects
-        for obj in selected_objects:
-            obj_x, obj_y = obj.position.get_position()
-            width = obj.max_visual_width if hasattr(obj, "max_visual_width") else 10
-            screen_x, screen_y = camera.world_to_screen(obj_x, obj_y)
-            size = camera.get_relative_size(width)
-            rect = pygame.Rect(screen_x - size // 2, screen_y - size // 2, size, size)
-            pygame.draw.rect(screen, (0, 128, 255), rect, 1)  # Blue, 1px wide
-
-        # Render mouse position as text in top left of screen
-        mouse_x, mouse_y = camera.get_real_coordinates(*pygame.mouse.get_pos())
-        mouse_text = font.render(f"Mouse: ({mouse_x:.2f}, {mouse_y:.2f})", True, WHITE)
-        text_rect = mouse_text.get_rect()
-        text_rect.topleft = (10, 10)
-        screen.blit(mouse_text, text_rect)
-
-        # Render FPS in top right
-        fps_text = font.render(f"FPS: {int(clock.get_fps())}", True, WHITE)
-        fps_rect = fps_text.get_rect()
-        fps_rect.topright = (SCREEN_WIDTH - 10, 10)
-        screen.blit(fps_text, fps_rect)
-
-        # Render TPS in bottom right
-        tps_text = font.render(f"TPS: {actual_tps}", True, WHITE)
-        tps_rect = tps_text.get_rect()
-        tps_rect.bottomright = (SCREEN_WIDTH - 10, SCREEN_HEIGHT - 10)
-        screen.blit(tps_text, tps_rect)
-
-        # Render tick count in bottom left
-        tick_text = font.render(f"Ticks: {total_ticks}", True, WHITE)
-        tick_rect = tick_text.get_rect()
-        tick_rect.bottomleft = (10, SCREEN_HEIGHT - 10)
-        screen.blit(tick_text, tick_rect)
-
-        if len(selected_objects) >= 1:
-            i = 0
-            max_width = SCREEN_WIDTH - 20  # Leave some padding from the right edge
-            for each in selected_objects:
-                obj = each
-                text = f"Object: {str(obj)}"
-                words = text.split()  # Split text into words
-                line = ""
-                line_height = 20  # Height of each line of text
-                line_offset = 0
-
-                for word in words:
-                    test_line = f"{line} {word}".strip()
-                    test_width, _ = font.size(test_line)
-
-                    # Check if the line width exceeds the limit
-                    if test_width > max_width and line:
-                        obj_text = font.render(line, True, WHITE)
-                        obj_rect = obj_text.get_rect()
-                        obj_rect.topleft = (10, 30 + i * line_height + line_offset)
-                        screen.blit(obj_text, obj_rect)
-                        line = word  # Start a new line
-                        line_offset += line_height
-                    else:
-                        line = test_line
-
-                # Render the last line
-                if line:
-                    obj_text = font.render(line, True, WHITE)
-                    obj_rect = obj_text.get_rect()
-                    obj_rect.topleft = (10, 30 + i * line_height + line_offset)
-                    screen.blit(obj_text, obj_rect)
-
-                i += 1
-
-        legend_font = pygame.font.Font("freesansbold.ttf", 14)
-
-        keymap_legend = [
-            ("WASD", "Move camera"),
-            ("Mouse wheel", "Zoom in/out"),
-            ("Middle mouse", "Pan camera"),
-            ("R", "Reset camera"),
-            ("G", "Toggle grid"),
-            ("I", "Toggle interaction radius"),
-            ("ESC", "Deselect/Exit"),
-            ("Left click", "Select object(s)"),
-            ("Drag select", "Select multiple objects"),
-            ("Click on object", "Select closest object in range"),
-            ("Up/Down", "Increase/Decrease camera speed"),
-            ("Shift", "Double TPS (for testing)"),
-            ("L", "Toggle this legend"),
-            ("Space", "Pause/Resume simulation"),
-        ]
-
-        if showing_legend:
-            # Split into two columns
-            mid = (len(keymap_legend) + 1) // 2
-            left_col = keymap_legend[:mid]
-            right_col = keymap_legend[mid:]
-
-            legend_font_height = legend_font.get_height()
-            column_gap = 40  # Space between columns
-
-            # Calculate max width for each column
-            left_width = max(legend_font.size(f"{k}: {v}")[0] for k, v in left_col)
-            right_width = max(legend_font.size(f"{k}: {v}")[0] for k, v in right_col)
-            legend_width = left_width + right_width + column_gap
-            legend_height = max(len(left_col), len(right_col)) * legend_font_height + 10
-
-            legend_x = (SCREEN_WIDTH - legend_width) // 2
-            legend_y = SCREEN_HEIGHT - legend_height - 10
-
-            # Draw left column
-            for i, (key, desc) in enumerate(left_col):
-                text = legend_font.render(f"{key}: {desc}", True, WHITE)
-                text_rect = text.get_rect()
-                text_rect.left = legend_x
-                text_rect.top = legend_y + 5 + i * legend_font_height
-                screen.blit(text, text_rect)
-
-            # Draw right column
-            for i, (key, desc) in enumerate(right_col):
-                text = legend_font.render(f"{key}: {desc}", True, WHITE)
-                text_rect = text.get_rect()
-                text_rect.left = legend_x + left_width + column_gap
-                text_rect.top = legend_y + 5 + i * legend_font_height
-                screen.blit(text, text_rect)
-        else:
-            # just show l to toggle legend
-            legend_text = legend_font.render("Press 'L' to show controls", True, WHITE)
-            legend_rect = legend_text.get_rect()
-            legend_rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH // 2, SCREEN_HEIGHT - 20)
-            screen.blit(legend_text, legend_rect)
-
-        if is_paused:
-            pause_text = font.render("Press 'Space' to unpause", True, WHITE)
-            pause_rect = pause_text.get_rect()
-            pause_rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH // 2, 20)
-            screen.blit(pause_text, pause_rect)
 
         # Update display
         pygame.display.flip()
-        clock.tick(180)
+        clock.tick(MAX_FPS)
 
     pygame.quit()
     sys.exit()

ui/hud.py

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+# ui/hud.py
+"""Handles HUD elements and text overlays."""
+
+import pygame
+from config.constants import *
+
+
+class HUD:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.font = pygame.font.Font("freesansbold.ttf", FONT_SIZE)
+        self.legend_font = pygame.font.Font("freesansbold.ttf", LEGEND_FONT_SIZE)
+
+    def render_mouse_position(self, screen, camera):
+        """Render mouse position in top left."""
+        mouse_x, mouse_y = camera.get_real_coordinates(*pygame.mouse.get_pos())
+        mouse_text = self.font.render(f"Mouse: ({mouse_x:.2f}, {mouse_y:.2f})", True, WHITE)
+        text_rect = mouse_text.get_rect()
+        text_rect.topleft = (HUD_MARGIN, HUD_MARGIN)
+        screen.blit(mouse_text, text_rect)
+
+    def render_fps(self, screen, clock):
+        """Render FPS in top right."""
+        fps_text = self.font.render(f"FPS: {int(clock.get_fps())}", True, WHITE)
+        fps_rect = fps_text.get_rect()
+        fps_rect.topright = (SCREEN_WIDTH - HUD_MARGIN, HUD_MARGIN)
+        screen.blit(fps_text, fps_rect)
+
+    def render_tps(self, screen, actual_tps):
+        """Render TPS in bottom right."""
+        tps_text = self.font.render(f"TPS: {actual_tps}", True, WHITE)
+        tps_rect = tps_text.get_rect()
+        tps_rect.bottomright = (SCREEN_WIDTH - HUD_MARGIN, SCREEN_HEIGHT - HUD_MARGIN)
+        screen.blit(tps_text, tps_rect)
+
+    def render_tick_count(self, screen, total_ticks):
+        """Render total tick count in bottom left."""
+        tick_text = self.font.render(f"Ticks: {total_ticks}", True, WHITE)
+        tick_rect = tick_text.get_rect()
+        tick_rect.bottomleft = (HUD_MARGIN, SCREEN_HEIGHT - HUD_MARGIN)
+        screen.blit(tick_text, tick_rect)
+
+    def render_pause_indicator(self, screen, is_paused):
+        """Render pause indicator when paused."""
+        if is_paused:
+            pause_text = self.font.render("Press 'Space' to unpause", True, WHITE)
+            pause_rect = pause_text.get_rect()
+            pause_rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH // 2, 20)
+            screen.blit(pause_text, pause_rect)
+
+    def render_selected_objects_info(self, screen, selected_objects):
+        """Render information about selected objects."""
+        if len(selected_objects) < 1:
+            return
+
+        max_width = SCREEN_WIDTH - 20
+        i = 0
+
+        for obj in selected_objects:
+            text = f"Object: {str(obj)}"
+            words = text.split()
+            line = ""
+            line_offset = 0
+
+            for word in words:
+                test_line = f"{line} {word}".strip()
+                test_width, _ = self.font.size(test_line)
+
+                if test_width > max_width and line:
+                    obj_text = self.font.render(line, True, WHITE)
+                    obj_rect = obj_text.get_rect()
+                    obj_rect.topleft = (HUD_MARGIN, 30 + i * LINE_HEIGHT + line_offset)
+                    screen.blit(obj_text, obj_rect)
+                    line = word
+                    line_offset += LINE_HEIGHT
+                else:
+                    line = test_line
+
+            if line:
+                obj_text = self.font.render(line, True, WHITE)
+                obj_rect = obj_text.get_rect()
+                obj_rect.topleft = (HUD_MARGIN, 30 + i * LINE_HEIGHT + line_offset)
+                screen.blit(obj_text, obj_rect)
+
+            i += 1
+
+    def render_legend(self, screen, showing_legend):
+        """Render the controls legend."""
+        if not showing_legend:
+            legend_text = self.legend_font.render("Press 'L' to show controls", True, WHITE)
+            legend_rect = legend_text.get_rect()
+            legend_rect.center = (SCREEN_WIDTH // 2, SCREEN_HEIGHT - 20)
+            screen.blit(legend_text, legend_rect)
+            return
+
+        # Split into two columns
+        mid = (len(KEYMAP_LEGEND) + 1) // 2
+        left_col = KEYMAP_LEGEND[:mid]
+        right_col = KEYMAP_LEGEND[mid:]
+
+        legend_font_height = self.legend_font.get_height()
+        column_gap = 40  # Space between columns
+
+        # Calculate max width for each column
+        left_width = max(self.legend_font.size(f"{k}: {v}")[0] for k, v in left_col)
+        right_width = max(self.legend_font.size(f"{k}: {v}")[0] for k, v in right_col)
+        legend_width = left_width + right_width + column_gap
+        legend_height = max(len(left_col), len(right_col)) * legend_font_height + 10
+
+        legend_x = (SCREEN_WIDTH - legend_width) // 2
+        legend_y = SCREEN_HEIGHT - legend_height - 10
+
+        # Draw left column
+        for i, (key, desc) in enumerate(left_col):
+            text = self.legend_font.render(f"{key}: {desc}", True, WHITE)
+            text_rect = text.get_rect()
+            text_rect.left = legend_x
+            text_rect.top = legend_y + 5 + i * legend_font_height
+            screen.blit(text, text_rect)
+
+        # Draw right column
+        for i, (key, desc) in enumerate(right_col):
+            text = self.legend_font.render(f"{key}: {desc}", True, WHITE)
+            text_rect = text.get_rect()
+            text_rect.left = legend_x + left_width + column_gap
+            text_rect.top = legend_y + 5 + i * legend_font_height
+            screen.blit(text, text_rect)

world/base/brain.py

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class CellBrain(BehavioralModel):
         }
 
         self.weights = {
-            'distance': 1,
+            'distance': 0.1,
             'angle': 0.5
         }
 
@@ -33,15 +33,13 @@ class CellBrain(BehavioralModel):
         self.inputs['angle'] = input_data.get('angle', 0.0)
 
         # Initialize output dictionary
-        output_data = {'linear_acceleration': self.inputs['distance'] * self.weights['distance'],
+        self.outputs = {'linear_acceleration': self.inputs['distance'] * self.weights['distance'],
 					   'angular_acceleration': self.inputs['angle'] * self.weights['angle']}
 
-        self.outputs = output_data
+        return self.outputs
-
-        return output_data
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        inputs = {key: round(value, 1) for key, value in self.inputs.items()}
+        inputs = {key: round(value, 5) for key, value in self.inputs.items()}
-        outputs = {key: round(value, 1) for key, value in self.outputs.items()}
+        outputs = {key: round(value, 5) for key, value in self.outputs.items()}
-        weights = {key: round(value, 1) for key, value in self.weights.items()}
+        weights = {key: round(value, 5) for key, value in self.weights.items()}
         return f"CellBrain(inputs={inputs}, outputs={outputs}, weights={weights})"

world/objects.py

@@ -122,7 +122,9 @@ class FoodObject(BaseEntity):
         if interactable is None:
             interactable = []
 
-        self.neighbors = len(interactable)
+        # filter neighbors to only other food objects
+        food_neighbors = [obj for obj in interactable if isinstance(obj, FoodObject)]
+        self.neighbors = len(food_neighbors)
 
         if self.neighbors > 0:
             self.decay += self.decay_rate * (1 + (self.neighbors / 10))
@@ -306,25 +308,39 @@ class DefaultCell(BaseEntity):
         output_data["linear_acceleration"] = max(-0.1, min(0.02, output_data["linear_acceleration"]))
         output_data["angular_acceleration"] = max(-0.1, min(0.1, output_data["angular_acceleration"]))
 
-        # output acceleration is acceleration along its current rotation.
+        # 2. Apply drag force
-        x_component = output_data["linear_acceleration"] * math.cos(math.radians(self.rotation.get_rotation()))
+        drag_coefficient = 0.02
-        y_component = output_data["linear_acceleration"] * math.sin(math.radians(self.rotation.get_rotation()))
+        drag_x = -self.velocity[0] * drag_coefficient
+        drag_y = -self.velocity[1] * drag_coefficient
 
-        self.acceleration = (x_component, y_component)
+        # 3. Combine all forces
-        
+        total_linear_accel = output_data["linear_acceleration"]
-        # # add drag according to current velocity
+        total_linear_accel = max(-0.1, min(0.02, total_linear_accel))
-        # drag_coefficient = 0.3
+
-        # drag_x = -self.velocity[0] * drag_coefficient
+        # 4. Convert to world coordinates
-        # drag_y = -self.velocity[1] * drag_coefficient
+        x_component = total_linear_accel * math.cos(math.radians(self.rotation.get_rotation()))
-        # self.acceleration = (self.acceleration[0] + drag_x, self.acceleration[1] + drag_y)
+        y_component = total_linear_accel * math.sin(math.radians(self.rotation.get_rotation()))
+
+        # 5. Add drag to total acceleration
+        total_accel_x = x_component + drag_x
+        total_accel_y = y_component + drag_y
+
+        self.acceleration = (total_accel_x, total_accel_y)
+
+        rotational_drag = 0.05
+        self.angular_acceleration = output_data["angular_acceleration"] - self.rotational_velocity * rotational_drag
 
         # tick acceleration
         velocity_x = self.velocity[0] + self.acceleration[0]
         velocity_y = self.velocity[1] + self.acceleration[1]
         self.velocity = (velocity_x, velocity_y)
 
-        # clamp velocity
+        # # clamp velocity
-        self.velocity = (max(-0.5, min(0.5, self.velocity[0])), max(-0.5, min(0.5, self.velocity[1])))
+        max_speed = 0.5
+        speed = math.sqrt(self.velocity[0] ** 2 + self.velocity[1] ** 2)
+        if speed > max_speed:
+            scale = max_speed / speed
+            self.velocity = (self.velocity[0] * scale, self.velocity[1] * scale)
 
         # tick velocity
         x, y = self.position.get_position()
@@ -338,7 +354,7 @@ class DefaultCell(BaseEntity):
         self.rotational_velocity += self.angular_acceleration
 
         # clamp rotational velocity
-        self.rotational_velocity = max(-0.5, min(0.5, self.rotational_velocity))
+        self.rotational_velocity = max(-3, min(3, self.rotational_velocity))
 
         # tick rotational velocity
         self.rotation.set_rotation(self.rotation.get_rotation() + self.rotational_velocity)

world/simulation_interface.py

@@ -114,6 +114,13 @@ class Camera:
         self.is_panning = False
         self.last_mouse_pos = None
 
+    def reset_position(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Resets the camera position to the origin.
+        """
+        self.target_x = 0
+        self.target_y = 0
+
     def pan(self, mouse_pos: Sequence[int]) -> None:
         """
         Pans the camera based on mouse movement.